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00045_Field_frep76.txt
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1996-12-30
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A cross section of the retina,
about midway between the
fovea and far periphery, where
rods are more numerous than
cones. From top to bottom is
about one-quarter millimeter.
Because the rods and cones
are at the back of the retina,
the incoming light has to go
through the other two layers in
order to stimulate them. We do
not fully understand why the
retina develops in this curious
backward fashion. One possible
reason is the location behind
the receptors of a row of cells
containing a black pigment,
melanin (also found in skin).
Melanin mops up the light that
has passed through the retina,
keeping it from being reflected
back and scattering around
inside the eye; it has the same
function as the black paint
inside a camera. The melanin-
containing cells also help
chemically restore the light-
sensitive visual pigment in the
receptors after it has been
bleached by light (see Chapter
8). For both functions, the
melanin pigment must be close
to the receptors. If the
receptors were at the front of
the retina, the pigment cells
would have to be between them
and the next layer of nerve
cells, in a region already
packed with axons, dendrites,
and synapses.
As it is, the layers in front of
the receptors are fairly
transparent and probably do not
blur the image much. In the
central one millimeter,
however, where our vision is
most acute, the consequences
of even slight blurring would be
disastrous, and evolution seems
to have gone to some pains to
alleviate it by having the other
layers displaced to the side to
form a ring of thicker retina,
exposing the central cones so
that they lie at the very front.
The resulting shallow pit
constitutes the fovea.
Moving from back to front,
we come to the middle layer of
the retina, between the rods
and cones and the retinal
ganglion cells. This layer
contains three types of nerve
cells: bipolar cells, horizontal
cells, and amacrine cells.
Bipolar cells receive input from
the receptors, as the diagram
to the left shows, and many of
them feed directly into the
retinal ganglion cells.
Horizontal cells link receptors
and bipolar cells by relatively
long connections that run
parallel to the retinal layers;
similarly, amacrine cells link
bipolar cells and retinal
ganglion cells.
The layer of cells at the front
of the retina contains the
retinal ganglion cells, whose
axons pass across the surface of
the retina, collect in a bundle
at the optic disc, and leave the
eye to form the optic nerve.
Each eye contains about 125
million rods and cones but only
1 million ganglion cells. In the
face of this discrepancy, we
need to ask how detailed visual
information can be preserved.